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  ANALYSIS OF DATA ON NOROVIRUS ON CRUISE SHIPS

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Addiss DG, Yashuk JC, Clapp DE, Blake PA. "Outbreaks of diarrhoeal illness on passenger cruise ships, 1975-85," Epidemiology and Infection, 1989, 103:1 (Aug), 63-72

American College of Emergency Physicians. "Health care guidelines for cruise ship medical facilities," Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1998, 31:4 (April), 535

American College of Emergency Physicians. "Guidelines of care for cruise ship medical facilities," Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1996, 27:6 (June), 846

Berntsson E, Hogevik H, Lidin-Janson G, Jeansson S, Kallings I. "Infections among cruise passengers (a Legionella-like organism?)," Infection, 1986, 14:2 (Mar-Apr), 93
Brewer, P. A. and Barry, M.  "Survey of Web-based health care information for prospective cruise line passengers," Journal of Travel Medicine, 2002, 9:4, 194-197

Brotherton JM, Delpech VC, Gilbert GL, Hatzi S, Paraskevopoulos PD, McAnulty JM. "A large outbreak of influenza A and B on cruise ship causing widespread morbidity," Epidemiology and Infection, 2003, 130:2 (April), 263-71.

Castellani Pastoris M, Lo Monaco R, Goldoni P, et al. "Legionnaires' disease on a cruise ship linked to the water supply system: clinical and public health implications," Clinical Infectious Disease, 1999, 28:1 (Jan), 33-8

Cawdery, M, Burg, MD, "Emergency medicine career paths less traveled: cruise ship medicine, Indian health, and critical care medicine," Annals of Emergency Medicine, Jul 2004, 44(1):79 -83.

Centers for Disease Control.  "Outbreak of influenza A infection among travelers - Alaska and the Yukon Territory, May-June 1999," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1999, 48, 25, 545...555

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Update: influenza activity -- United States, 1997-98 season," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1997, 46:46 (Nov 21), 1094-8

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Update: outbreaks of cyclosporiasis -- United States and Canada, 1997," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1997, 46:23 (June 13), 521-3.

Centers for Disease Control. "Outbreak of Shigella flexneri 2a infections on a cruise ship," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1994 43:35 (Sept 9), 657 (Also JAMA, 1994, 272:18 (Nov 9), 1404)

Centers for Disease Control. "Acute respiratory illness among cruise-ship passengers--Asia," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1988, 37:4 (Feb 5), 63-6

Centers for Disease Control. "Gastroenteritis outbreaks on two Caribbean cruise ships," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1986, 35:23 (June 13), 383-4 (Also JAMA, 1986, 256:4 (July 25), 447-8

Centers for Disease Control. "Staphylococcal food poisoning on a cruise ship," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1983, 32:22 (June 10), 294-5 (Also JAMA, 1983, 250:1 (July 1), 26

Christensen, SE, Wolfmeyer, RC, Suver, SM, Hill, CD, Britton, SFF.  "Influenza B virus outbreak an a cruise ship - Northern Europe, 2000," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2001, 50, 137-140 (Also JAMA, 2001, 285:14 (Apr 11), 1833-1834)

Cramer, EH; Blaton, CJ; Blanton, LH; Vaughan, GH; Bopp, CA; Forney, DL.  "Epidemiology of Gastroenteritis on Cruise Ships, 2001 - 2004," American Journal of Preventive Medicine, March 2006, 30 (3): 252-257.

Cramer, EH, Gu DX, Durbin RE.  "Diarrheal disease on cruise ships: 1990-2000: the impact of environmental health programs," American Journal of Preventative Medicine, Apr 2003, 24(3):227-33.

Cramer, E. H.;  Forney, D.;  Dannenberg, A. L.;  Widdowson, M. A.;  Bresee, J. S.;  Monroe, S.;  Beard, R. S.;  White, H.;  Bulens, S.;  Mintz, E.;  Stover, C.;  Isakbaeva, E.;  Mullins, J.;  Wright, J.;  Hsu, V.;  Chege, W. and Varma, J.  "Outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with noroviruses on cruise ships - United States, 2002," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2002, 51:49, 1112-1115

----- Cruise-Ship-Associated Legionnaires Disease, November 2003 - May 2004, Journal of the American Medical Association, 2005 (December 28), 294:24, 3080-3081.

Dahl, E  "Dealing with gastrointestinal illness on a cruise ship," International Maritime Health, 2004, 55(1-4) 19-29

Dahl E. "Social status versus formal rank of medical and other officers--an informal survey among passengers and seafarers on cruise ships," International Maritime Health, 2004, 55:1-4, 165-75.

Dahl E.  "Cruise medicine: call for an international standard," International Maritime Health, 2001, 52:1-4, 24-6.

Dahl E.  "Passenger mortalities aboard cruise ships," International Maritime Health, 2001, 52:1-4, 19-23.

Dahl E.  "Anatomy of a world cruise," Journal of Travel Medicine, 1999, 6:3 (Sept), 168-71.

Daniels NA, Neimann J, Karpati A, et al.  "Traveler's diarrhea at sea: three outbreaks of waterborne enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli on cruise ships," Journal of Infectious Disease, 2000, 181:4 (April), 1491-5.

Dannenberg AL, Yashuk JC, Feldman RA. "Gastrointestinal illness on passenger cruise ships, 1975-1978," American Journal of Public Health, 1982, 72:5 (May), 484-8

DiGiovanna T, Rosen T, Forsett R, Sivertson K, Kelen GD. "Shipboard medicine: a new niche for emergency medicine," Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1992, 21:12 (Dec), 1476-9

Diskin, AL. "Cruise ship medicine - 2004," Annals of Emergency Medicine,  2005. 45:4(Apr), 460-461.

Draper W.C. "Cruise ship medicine," Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1995 26:6 (Dec), 761-2

Drew CP. "Cruise ship dentistry," CAL, 1985, 49:3 (Sept), 14, 18-9

Ferson, MJ and Ressler, KA.  "Bound for Sydney town: health surveillance on international cruise vessels visiting the Port of Sydney," Medical Journal of Australia,  2005, 18:182(Apr 18), 391-4.

Ferson M, Paraskevopoulos P, Hatzi S, et al.  "Presumptive summer influenza A: an outbreak on a trans-Tasman cruise," Communicable Diseases Intelligence, Mar 16 2000, 24(3):45-7.

Finch M, Rodey G, Lawrence D, Blake P. "Epidemic Reiter's syndrome following an outbreak of shigellosis," European Journal of Epidemiology, 1986, 2:1 (Mar), 26-30

Fitzgerald RH Jr. "Medical facilities and needs aboard a cruise ship: points to ponder before an ocean cruise," Southern Medical Journal, 1986, 79:11 (Nov), 1413-5

Flemmer M, Oldfield EC. "The agony and the ecstasy," American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2003, 98:9 (Sept), 2098-9

Gahlinger PM. "Cabin location and the likelihood of motion sickness in cruise ship passengers," Journal of Travel Medicine, 2000, 7:3 (May-June), 120-4

Gallagher JM, Hull AH. "Cruise ship accommodations for passengers with physical limitations due to disability or age," American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 1996 50:8 (Sept), 685-7

Gallimore, CI, Richards AF, Gray JJ.  "Molecular diversity of noroviruses associated with outbreaks on cruise ships: comparison with strains circulating within the UK," Communicable Disease and Public Health, Dec 2003, 6(4):285-93.

Genese, C., Hung, MJ, Paul, S, Brook, J, Finelli, L, et al.  "Outbreak of pneumonia associated with a cruise ship, 1994." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1994, 43:28 (July 22), 521 (Also JAMA, 1994, 272:6 (Aug 10), 425)

Gikas A, Pediaditis J, Giti Z, et al.  "Shigellosis on an Italian cruise ship," Lancet, 1996, 348:9041 (Dec 7), 1593-4

Glover, S.M. "Cruise Ship Nursing," Nursing Spectator, 1996, 6:15 (July 15), 16

Guerrero IC, Filippone C. "A cluster of Legionnaires' disease in a community hospital--a clue to a larger epidemic," Infecious Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 1996, 17:3 (March), 177-8

Guerrero, I., Genese, C, Hung, MJ, Paul, S, Ragazzoni, H, Brook, J, et al.  "Update: outbreak of Legionnaires' disease associated with a cruise ship, 1994," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1994, 43:31 (August 12), 574-5 (Also JAMA. 1994, 272:12 (Sept 28), 915)

Gunn RA, Terranova WA, Greenberg HB, Yashuk J, Gary GW, Wells JG, Taylor PR, Feldman RA. "Norwalk virus gastroenteritis aboard a cruise ship: an outbreak on five consecutive cruises," American Journal of Epidemiology, 1980, 112:6 (Dec), 820-7

Herwaldt BL, Lew JF, Moe CL, Lewis DC, Humphrey CD, Monroe SS, Pon EW, Glass RI. "Characterization of a variant strain of Norwalk virus from a food-borne outbreak of gastroenteritis on a cruise ship in Hawaii," Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1994 32:4 (April), 861-6

Ho MS, Glass RI, Monroe SS, Madore HP, Stine S, Pinsky PF, Cubitt D, Ashley C, Caul EO. "Viral gastroenteritis aboard a cruise ship," Lancet, 1989, 2:8669 (Oct 21), 961-5

Hobbs BC, Rowe B, Kendall M, Turnbull PC, Ghosh AC. "Escherichia coli O 27 in adult diarrhoea," Journal of Hygiene (Lond), 1976, 77:3 (Dec), 393-400

Hoey J.  "Rubella outbreaks on cruise ships,"  Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1998, 158:4 (Feb 24), 516-7.

 ---, "Influenza in travellers to Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and on west coast cruise ships, summer of 1999," Canada Communicable Disease Report, 1999, 25:16, 137-141

---, "Influenza on a cruise ship in the Mediterranean." Communicable Disease Report Weekly, 1999, 9:24 (Jun 11), 209, 212

 ---, "Influenza B virus outbreak on a cruise ship--Northern Europe, 2000," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2001, 50:8 ( Mar 2), 137-40.  Also JAMA, 2001, 285:14 (Apr 11), 1833-4.

Isakbaeva, E. T.;  Widdowson, M. A.;  Beard, R. S.;  Bulens, S. N.;  Mullins, J.;  Monroe, S. S.;  Bresee, J.;  Sassano, P.;  Cramer, E. H.;  and Glass, R. I.  "Norovirus transmission on cruise ship,"  Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2005, 11:1, 154-157

 Jernigan DB, Hofmann J, Cetron MS, Genese CA, Nuorti JP, Fields BS, Benson RF, Carter RJ, Edelstein PH, Guerrero IC, Paul SM, Lipman HB, Breiman R. "Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease among cruise ship passengers exposed to a contaminated whirlpool spa," Lancet, 1996, 347:9000 (Feb 24), 494-9

Khan AS, Moe CL, Glass RI, Monroe SS, Estes MK, Chapman LE, Jiang X, Humphrey C, Pon E, Iskander JK, et al. "Norwalk virus-associated gastroenteritis traced to ice consumption aboard a cruise ship in Hawaii: comparison and application of molecular method-based assays," Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1994, 32:2 (Feb), 318-22

Knowles JA. "Emergency air evacuation of critically ill patients from cruise ships," Journal of Travel Medicine, 2001, 8:6 (Nov-Dec), 285-92.

Kobayashi A, Yamamoto Y, Chou S, Hashimoto S. "Severe Legionella pneumophila pneumonia associated with the public bath on a cruise ship in Japan," Journal of Anesthesiology, 2004, 18:2, 129-31.

Koo D, Maloney K, Tauxe R. "Epidemiology of diarrheal disease outbreaks on cruise ships, 1986 through 1993," JAMA, 1996, 275:7 (Feb 21), 545-7

Korcok M. "Sick at sea: outbreaks prompt reinstatement of cruise ship inspections," CMAJ, 1987, 136:12 (Jun 15), 1298-300

Lang L. "Acute gastroenteritis outbreaks on cruise ships linked to Norwalk-like viruses," Gastroenterology, 2003, 124:2 (Feb), 284-5.

Larkin M. "Passengers implicated in gastroenteritis outbreaks on cruise ships," Lancet, 2002, 360:9350 (Dec 21-28), 2052

Lawrence DN. "Outbreaks of Gastrointestinal Diseases on Cruise Ships: Lessons from Three Decades of Progress," Current Infectious Disease Report, 2004 6:2 (April), 115-123

Lawrence DN, Blake PA, Yashuk JC, Wells JG, Creech WB, Hughes JH. "Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis outbreaks aboard two cruise ships," American Journal of Epidemiology, 1979, 109:1 (Jan), 71-80

---, "Legionella on board a cruise ship," Communicable Disease Report Weekly, 1998, 8:27 (July 3), 237.

Lew JF, Swerdlow DL, Dance ME, Griffin PM, Bopp CA, Gillenwater MJ, Mercatante T, Glass RI. "An outbreak of shigellosis aboard a cruise ship caused by a multiple-antibiotic-resistant strain of Shigella flexneri," American Journal of Epidemiology, 1991, 134:4, (Aug 15), 413-20

Lindesmith, L., Moe, C, Marionneau, S, Ruvoen, N, Jiang, X, Lindbland, L, Stewart, P, LePendu, J, Baric, R. "Human susceptibility and resistance to Norwalk virus infection," Nature Medicine,  2003, 9:5(May), 548-553

Lindquist, LA, Golub, RM.  "Cruise ship care: a proposed alternative to assisted living facilities," Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 2004,  52:11 (Nov), 1951-4.

Lumish RM, Ryder RW, Anderson DC, Wells JG, Puhr ND. "Heat-labile enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli induced diarrhea aboard a Miami-based cruise ship," American Journal of Epidemiology, 1980, 111:4 (Apr), 432-6

Marcus LC. "The inspection of international cruise ships," JAMA, 1986, 256:14 (Oct 6), 1895

Market, JM.  "Invest yourself. Adventures in nursing aboard a cruise ship," Nursing Forum, Apr-Jun 2002, 37(2):33-6.

McElvaine MD, McDowell RM, Fite RW, Miller L. "An assessment of the risk of foreign animal disease introduction into the United States of America through garbage from Alaskan cruise ships," Revue Scientifique et Techique, 1993, 12:4 (Dec), 1165-74

McEvoy M, Blake W, Brown D, et al. "An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis on a cruise ship,"  Communicable Disease Report Review, 1996, 6:13 (Dec 6), R188-92.

Merson MH, Hughes JM, Wood BT, Yashuk JC, Wells JG. "Gastrointestinal illness on passenger cruise ships," JAMA, 1975, 231:7 (Feb 17), 723-7

Merson MH, Tenney JH, Meyers JD, Wood BT, Wells JG, Rymzo W, Cline B, DeWitt WE, Skaliy P, Mallison F. "Shigellosis at sea: an outbreak aboard a passenger cruise ship," American Journal of Epidemiology, 1975, 101:2 (Feb), 165-75

Miller, J. M.; Tam, T. W. S.; Maloney, S.; Fukuda, K.; Cox, N.; Hockin, J.; Kertesz, D.; Klimov, A. and Cetron, M.  "Cruise ships: High-risk passengers and the global spread of new influenza viruses," Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2000, 31:2, 433-438

Miller, J.; Tam, T.; Afif, C.; Maloney, S.; Cetron, M.; Fukata, K.; Klimov, A.; Hall, H.; Kertesz, D. and Hockin, J.  "Influenza: An outbreak on a cruise ship," Canada Communicable Disease Report, 1998, 24:2, 9-11

Minooee A & Rickman LS.  "Infectious diseases on cruise ships," Clinical Infectious Disease, 1999, 29:4 (Oct), 737-43

Mintz ED, Weber JT, Guris D, et al.  "An outbreak of Brainerd diarrhea among travelers to the Galapagos Islands," Journal of Infectious Disease, Apr 1998, 177(4):1041-5.

O'Mahony, MC; Noah, ND; Evans, B; Harper, D; Rowe, B. "Outbreak of Gastroenteritis on a Passenger Cruise Ship,"
Journal of Hygiene, 1986, 97:2 (October), 229-236

Pastoris, MC., Lo Monaco, R, Goldoni, P, Mentore, B, Balestra, G, Ciceroni, L, Visca, P. "Legionnaires' disease on a cruise ship linked to the water supply system: Clinical and public health implications," Clinical Infectious Diseases, 1999, 28:1 (Jan), 33-38

Peake DE, Gray CL, Ludwig MR, et al.  "Descriptive epidemiology of injury and illness among cruise ship passengers," Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1999, 33:1 (Jan), 67-72

Prina LD, Orzai UN, Weber RE. "Evaluation of emergency air evacuation of critically ill patients from cruise ships," Journal of Travel Medicine, 2001 8:6 (Nov-Dec), 285-92

Pugh, R. E.; Selvey, L.; Crome, M. and Beers, M.  "Onshore catering increases the risk of diarrhoeal illness amongst cruise ship passengers,"  Communicable Diseases Intelligence, 2001, 25:1, 15-17

Regan, C. M.;  McCann, B.;  Syed, Q.;  Christie, P.;  Joseph, C.;  Colligan, J.; and McGaffin, A.  "Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease on a cruise ship: lessons for international surveillance and control," Communicable Disease and Public Health, 2003, 6:2, 152-156

 Riddick FA Jr, Jordan JD. "Cruise ship anisocoria," Annals of Internal Medicine, 1992, 117:1 (July 1), 95

Rooney RM, Cramer EH, Mantha S, Nichols G, Bartram JK, Farber JM, Benembarek PK. "A review of outbreaks of foodborne disease associated with passenger ships: evidence for risk management," Public Health Report, 2004, 119:4 (July-August), 427-34.

Rowbotham TJ.  "Legionellosis associated with ships: 1977 to 1997," Communicable Disease and Public Health, 1998, 1:3 (Sept), 146-51

---, "Rubella among crew members of commercial cruise ships--Florida, 1997,"  Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1998, 46:52-53 (Jan 9), 1247-50  (Also Journal of the American Medical Association, 1998, 279:5 (Feb 4), 348, 350)

Ruben, FL, Ehreth J.  "Maritime health: a case for preventing influenza on the high seas," International Maritime Health, 2002, 53(1-4):36-42.

Schlagenhauf P, Funk M, Mutsch M, Prasad L, Sturchler M. "Focus on cruise ship travel," Journal of Travel Medicine, 2004, 11:3 (May-June ), 191-3.

Shapiro WB, Porush JG. "Shipboard dialysis," Journal of Dialysis, 1977, 1:8, 825-9

Snyder JD, Wells JG, Yashuk J, et al.  "Outbreak of invasive Escherichia coli gastroenteritis on a cruise ship," American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1984, 33:2 (March), 281-4

Uyeki, T. M.;  Zane, S. B.;  Bodnar, U. R.;  Fielding, K. L.;  Buxton, J. A.;  Miller, J. M.;  Beller, M.;  Butler, J. C.;  Fukuda, K.;  Maloney, S. A. and Cetron, M. S.  "Large summertime influenza a outbreak among tourists in Alaska and the Yukon Territory," Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2003, 36:9, 1095-1102

 Waterman SH, Demarcus TA, Wells JG, Blake PA. "Staphylococcal food poisoning on a cruise ship," Epidemiology and Infection, 1987, 99:2 (Oct), 349-53

Werner SB, Hudgins MP, Morrison FR, Chin J. "Gastroenteritis on a cruise ship--a recurring problem," Public Health Report. 1976, 91:5 (Sep-Oct), 433-6

Widdowson MA, Cramer EH, Hadley L, Bresee JS, Beard RS, Bulens SN, Charles M, Chege W, Isakbaeva E, Wright JG, Mintz E, Forney D, Massey J, Glass RI, Monroe SS. "Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis on cruise ships and on land: identification of a predominant circulating strain of norovirus--United States, 2002," Journal of Infectious Disease, 2004, 190:1 (July 1), 27-36.

Source: http://www.cruiseresearch.org/MH.html